THE ASCENT TO FREEDOM AND PERSONALITY In the previous chapter we found that man in his primitive stage is largely a creature of the lower world.

His desires are those of the animal kingdom, his ideal is utility, and social approbation his God.

At this stage he is a mere nothing, no better than a slave to his passions and to the opinions of his fellow-beings.

He possesses neither freedom nor personality--for he is but a tool in the hands of other impulses and forces.

There is no controlling self--he is not a lord in his own kingdom.