VITTORIA AND THE ARMISTICE It would be beyond the scope of this work to describe in detail the campaign that culminated at Vittoria.

Our task must be limited to showing what was the position of affairs at the close of 1812, what were the Emperor's plans for holding part, at least, of Spain, and why they ended in utter failure.
The causes, which had all along weakened the French operations in Spain, operated in full force during the campaign of 1812.

The jealousy of the Marshals, and, still more, their insubordination to King Joseph, prevented that timely concentration of force by which the Emperor won his greatest triumphs.

Discordant aims and grudging co-operation marked their operations.

Military writers have often been puzzled to account for the rash moves of Marmont, which brought on him the crushing blow of Salamanca.