CHAPTER II.
THE FOSSILIFEROUS ROCKS.
Fossils are found in rocks, though not universally or promiscuously; and it is therefore necessary that the palaeontologist should possess some acquaintance with, at any rate, those rocks which yield organic remains, and which are therefore said to be "_fossiliferous_." In geological language, all the materials which enter into the composition of the solid crust of the earth, be their texture what it may--from the most impalpable mud to the hardest granite--are termed "rocks;" and for our present purpose we may divide these into two great groups.

In the first division are the _Igneous Rocks_--such as the lavas and ashes of volcanoes--which are formed within the body of the earth itself, and which owe their structure and origin to the action of heat.
The Igneous Rocks are formed primarily below the surface of the earth, which they only reach as the result of volcanic action; they are generally destitute of distinct "stratification," or arrangement in successive layers; and they do not contain fossils, except in the comparatively rare instances where volcanic ashes have enveloped animals or plants which were living in the sea or on the land in the immediate vicinity of the volcanic focus.
The second great division of rocks is that of the _Fossiliferous, Aqueous_, or _Sedimentary_ Rocks.

These are formed at the surface of the earth, and, as implied by one of their names, are invariably deposited in water.

They are produced by vital or chemical action, or are formed from the "sediment" produced by the disintegration and reconstruction of previously existing rocks, without previous solution; they mostly contain fossils; and they are arranged in distinct layers or "strata." The so-called "aerial" rocks which, like beds of blown sand, have been formed by the action of the atmosphere, may also contain fossils; but they are not of such importance as to require special notice here.
For all practical purposes, we may consider that the Aqueous Rocks are the natural cemetery of the animals and plants of bygone ages; and it is therefore essential that the palaeontological student should be acquainted with some of the principal facts as to their physical characters, their minute structure and mode of origin, their chief varieties, and their historical succession.
The Sedimentary or Fossiliferous Rocks form the greater portion of that part of the earth's crust which is open to our examination, and are distinguished by the fact that they are regularly "stratified" or arranged in distinct and definite layers or "strata." These layers may consist of a single material, as in a block of sandstone, or they may consist of different materials.

When examined on a large scale, they are always found to consist of alternations of layers of different mineral composition.