As the thirteenth century is approached, we find unbelief in all directions setting in.

First, it is plainly seen among the monastic orders, then it spreads rapidly among the common people.

Books, such as "The Everlasting Gospel," appear among the former; sects, such as the Catharists, Waldenses, Petrobrussians, arise among the latter.

They agreed in this, "that the public and established religion was a motley system of errors and superstitions, and that the dominion which the pope had usurped over Christians was unlawful and tyrannical; that the claim put forth by Rome, that the Bishop of Rome is the supreme lord of the universe, and that neither princes nor bishops, civil governors nor ecclesiastical rulers, have any lawful power in church or state but what they receive from him, is utterly without foundation, and a usurpation of the rights of man." To withstand this flood of impiety, the papal government established two institutions: 1.

The Inquisition; 2.