The leading controversy of Morals is centered in this point.
3.

The Rules of Ethics, termed also Law, Laws, the Moral Law, are of two kinds:-- The first are rules imposed under a Penalty for neglect, or violation.
The penalty is termed _Punishment_; the imposing party is named Government, or Authority; and the rules so imposed and enforced, are called Laws proper, Morality proper, Obligatory Morality, Duty.
4.

The second are rules whose only external support is _Rewards_; constituting Optional Morality, Merit, Virtue, or Nobleness.
Moral duties are a set of rules, precepts, or prescriptions, for the direction of human conduct in a certain sphere or province.

These rules are enforced by two kinds of motives, requiring to be kept distinct.
I .-- One class of rules are made compulsory by the infliction of pain, in the case of violation or neglect.

The pain so inflicted is termed a Penalty, or Punishment; it is one of the most familiar experiences of all human beings living in society.
The Institution that issues Rules of this class, and inflicts punishment when they are not complied with, is termed Government, or Authority; all its rules are authoritative, or obligatory; they are Laws strictly so called, Laws proper.