Vernon, ii.

I; tries to resume old life, 2; gives up hunting, 2; pursued by lion-hunters and artists, 3; overwhelmed with correspondence, 3; receives letters from Europe, 4; from cranks, 4; from officers, 4; his share in Society of Cincinnati, 4; manages his estate, 5; visits Western lands, 5; family cares, 5, 6; continues to have interest in public affairs, 6; advises Congress regarding peace establishment, 6; urges acquisition of Western posts, 7; his broad national views, 7; alone in realizing future greatness of country, 7, 8; appreciates importance of the West, 8; urges development of inland navigation, 9; asks Jefferson's aid, 9, 10; lays canal scheme before Virginia legislature, 10; his arguments, 10; troubled by offer of stock, 11; uses it to endow two schools, 12; significance of his scheme, 12, 13; his political purposes in binding West to East, 13; willing to leave Mississippi closed for this purpose, 14, 15, 16; feels need of firmer union during Revolution, 17; his arguments, 18, 19; his influence starts movement for reform, 20; continues to urge it during retirement, 21; foresees disasters of confederation, 21; urges impost scheme, 22; condemns action of States, 22, 23, 25; favours commercial agreement between Maryland and Virginia, 23; stung by contempt of foreign powers, 24; his arguments for a national government, 24; points out designs of England, 25; works against paper money craze in States, 26; his opinion of Shays's rebellion, 26; his position contrasted with Jefferson's, 27; influence of his letters, 28, 29; shrinks from participating in Federal convention, 29; elected unanimously, 30; refuses to go to a feeble convention, 30, 31; finally makes up his mind, 31.
_In the Federal Convention_.
Speech attributed to Washington by Morris on duties of delegates, 31, 32; chosen to preside, 33; takes no part in debate, 34; his influence in convention, 34, 35; despairs of success, 35; signs the Constitution, 36; words attributed to him, 36; silent as to his thoughts, 36, 37; sees clearly danger of failure to ratify, 37; tries at first to act indifferently, 38; begins to work for ratification, 38; writes letters to various people, 38, 39; circulates copies of "Federalist," 40; saves ratification in Virginia, 40; urges election of Federalists to Congress, 41; receives general request to accept presidency, 41; his objections, 41, 42; dreads failure and responsibility, 42; elected, 42; his journey to New York, 42-46; speech at Alexandria, 43; popular reception at all points, 44, 45; his feelings, 46; his inauguration, 46.
_President_.
His speech to Congress, 48; urges no specific policy, 48, 49; his solemn feelings, 49; his sober view of necessities of situation, 50; question of his title, 52; arranges to communicate with Senate by writing, 52, 53; discusses social etiquette, 53; takes middle ground, 54; wisdom of his action, 55; criticisms by Democrats, 55, 56; accused of monarchical leanings, 56, 57; familiarizes himself with work already accomplished under Confederation, 58; his business habits, 58; refuses special privileges to French minister, 59, 60; skill of his reply, 60, 61; solicited for office, 61; his views on appointment, 62; favors friends of Constitution and old soldiers, 62; success of his appointments, 63; selects a cabinet, 64; his regard for Knox 65; for Morris, 66; his skill in choosing, 66; his appreciation of Hamilton, 67; his grounds for choosing Jefferson, 68; his contrast with Jefferson, 69; his choice a mistake in policy, 70; his partisan characteristics, 70, 71; excludes anti-Federalists, 71; nominates justices of Supreme Court, 72; their party character, 73; illness, 73; visits the Eastern States, 73; his reasons, 74; stirs popular enthusiasm, 74; snubbed by Hancock in Massachusetts, 75; accepts Hancock's apology, 75; importance of his action, 76; success of journey, 76; opens Congress, 78, 79; his speech and its recommendations, 81; how far carried out, 81-83; national character of the speech, 83; his fitness to deal with Indians, 87; his policy, 88; appoints commission to treat with Creeks, 90; ascribes its failure to Spanish intrigue, 90; succeeds by a personal interview in making treaty, 91; wisdom of his policy, 92; orders an expedition against Western Indians, 93; angered at its failure, 94; and at conduct of frontiersmen, 94; prepares St.Clair's expedition, 95; warns against ambush, 95; hopes for decisive results, 97; learns of St.Clair's defeat, 97; his self-control, 97; his outburst of anger against St.Clair, 97, 98; masters his feelings, 98; treats St.Clair kindly, 99; determines on a second campaign, 100; selects Wayne and other officers, 100; tries to secure peace with tribes, 101; efforts prevented by English influence, 101, 102; and in South by conduct of Georgia, 103; general results of his Indian policy, 104; popular misunderstandings and criticism, 104, 105; favors assumption of state debts by the government, 107, 108; satisfied with bargain between Hamilton and Jefferson, 108; his respectful attitude toward Constitution, 109; asks opinions of cabinet on constitutionality of bank, 110; signs bill creating it, 110; reasons for his decision, 111; supports Hamilton's financial policy, 112; supports Hamilton's views on protection, 115, 116; appreciates evil economic condition of Virginia, 116, 117; sees necessity for self-sufficient industries in war time, 117; urges protection, 118, 119, 120; his purpose to build up national feeling, 121; approves national excise tax, 122, 123; does not realize unpopularity of method, 123; ready to modify but insists on obedience, 124, 125; issues proclamation against rioters, 125; since Pennsylvania frontier continues rebellious, issues second proclamation threatening to use force, 127; calls out the militia, 127; his advice to leaders and troops, 128; importance of Washington's firmness, 129; his good judgment and patience, 130; decides success of the central authority, 130; early advocacy of separation of United States from European politics, 133; studies situation, 134, 135; sees importance of binding West with Eastern States, 135; sees necessity of good relations with England, 137; authorizes Morris to sound England as to exchange of ministers and a commercial treaty, 137; not disturbed by British bad manners, 138; succeeds in establishing diplomatic relations, 138; early foresees danger of excess in French Revolution, 139, 140; states a policy of strict neutrality, 140, 142, 143; difficulties of his situation, 142; objects to action of National Assembly on tobacco and oil, 144; denies reported request by United States that England mediate with Indians, 145; announces neutrality in case of a European war, 146; instructs cabinet to prepare a neutrality proclamation, 147; importance of this step not understood at time, 148, 149; foresees coming difficulties, 149, 150; acts cautiously toward _emigres_, 151; contrast with Genet, 152; greets him coldly, 152; orders steps taken to prevent violations of neutrality, 153, 154; retires to Mt.

Vernon for rest, 154; on returning finds Jefferson has allowed Little Sarah to escape, 156; writes a sharp note to Jefferson, 156; anger at escape, 157; takes matters out of Jefferson's hands, 157; determines on asking recall of Genet, 158; revokes exequatur of Duplaine, French consul, 159; insulted by Genet, 159, 160; refuses to deny Jay's card, 160; upheld by popular feeling, 160; his annoyance at the episode, 160; obliged to teach American people self-respect, 162, 163; deals with troubles incited by Genet in the West, 162, 163; sympathizes with frontiersmen, 163; comprehends value of Mississippi, 164, 165; sends a commission to Madrid to negotiate about free navigation, 166; later sends Thomas Pinckney, 166; despairs of success, 166; apparent conflict between French treaties and neutrality, 169, 170; value of Washington's policy to England, 171; in spite of England's attitude, intends to keep peace, 177; wishes to send Hamilton as envoy, 177; after his refusal appoints Jay, 177; fears that England intends war, 178; determines to be prepared, 178; urges upon Jay the absolute necessity of England's giving up Western posts, 179; dissatisfied with Jay treaty but willing to sign it, 184; in doubt as to meaning of conditional ratification, 184; protests against English "provision order" and refuses signature, 185; meets uproar against treaty alone, 188; determines to sign, 189; answers resolutions of Boston town meeting, 190; refuses to abandon his judgment to popular outcry, 190; distinguishes temporary from permanent feeling, 191; fears effect of excitement upon French government, 192; his view of dangers of situation, 193, 194; recalled to Philadelphia by cabinet, 195; receives intercepted correspondence of Fauchet, 195, 196; his course of action already determined, 197, 198; not influenced by the Fauchet letter, 198; evidence of this, 199, 200; reasons for ratifying before showing letter to Randolph, 199, 200; signs treaty, 201; evidence that he did not sacrifice Randolph, 201, 202; fairness of his action, 203; refuses to reply to Randolph's attack, 204; reasons for signing treaty, 205; justified in course of time, 206; refuses on constitutional grounds the call of representatives for documents, 208; insists on independence of treaty-making by executive and Senate, 209; overcomes hostile majority in House, 210; wishes Madison to succeed Morris at Paris, 211; appoints Monroe, 216; his mistake in not appointing a political supporter, 212; disgusted at Monroe's behavior, 213, 214; recalls Monroe and appoints C.C.Pinckney, 214; angered at French policy, 214; his contempt for Monroe's self-justification, 215, 216; review of foreign policy, 216-219; his guiding principle national independence, 216; and abstention from European politics, 217; desires peace and time for growth, 217, 218; wishes development of the West, 218, 219; wisdom of his policy, 219; considers parties dangerous, 220; but chooses cabinet from Federalists, 220; prepared to undergo criticism, 221; willingness to bear it, 221; desires to learn public feeling, by travels, 221, 222; feels that body of people will support national government, 222; sees and deplores sectional feelings in the South, 222, 223; objects to utterances of newspapers, 223; attacked by "National Gazette," 227; receives attacks on Hamilton from Jefferson and his friends, 228, 229; sends charges to Hamilton, 229; made anxious by signs of party division, 229; urges both Hamilton and Jefferson to cease quarrel, 230, 231; dreads an open division in cabinet, 232; desirous to rule without party, 233; accomplishes feat of keeping both secretaries in cabinet, 233; keeps confidence in Hamilton, 234; urged by all parties to accept presidency again, 235; willing to be reelected, 235; pleased at unanimous vote, 235; his early immunity from attacks, 237; later attacked by Freneau and Bache, 238; regards opposition as dangerous to country, 239; asserts his intention to disregard them, 240; his success in Genet affair, 241; disgusted at "democratic" societies, 242; thinks they fomented Whiskey Rebellion, 242; denounces them to Congress, 243; effect of his remarks, 244; accused of tyranny after Jay treaty, 244; of embezzlement, 245; of aristocracy, 245; realizes that he must compose cabinet of sympathizers, 246; reconstructs it, 246; states determination to govern by party, 247; slighted by House, 247; refuses a third term, 248; publishes Farewell Address, 248; his justification for so doing, 248; his wise advice, 249; address Attacked by Democrats, 250, 251; assailed in Congress by Giles, 251; resents charge of being a British sympathizer, 252; his scrupulously fair conduct toward France, 253; his resentment at English policy, 254; his retirement celebrated by the opposition, 255; remarks of the "Aurora," 256; forged letters of British circulated, 257; he repudiates them, 257; his view of opposition, 259.
_In Retirement_.
Regards Adams's administration as continuation of his own, 259; understands Jefferson's attitude, 259; wishes generals of provisional army to be Federalist, 260; doubts fidelity of opposition as soldiers, 260; dreads their poisoning mind of army, 261; his condemnation of Democrats, 261, 262; snubs Dr.Logan for assuming an unofficial mission to France, 263-265; alarmed at Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, 266; urges Henry to oppose Virginia resolutions, 267; condemns the French party as unpatriotic, 267; refuses request to stand again for presidency, 269; comments on partisanship of Democrats, 269; believes that he would be no better candidate than any other Federalist, 270, 271; error of statement that Washington was not a party man, 271, 272; slow to relinquish non-partisan position, 272; not the man to shrink from declaring his position, 273; becomes a member of Federalist party, 273, 274; eager for end of term of office, 275; his farewell dinner, 275; at Adams's inauguration, 276; popular enthusiasm at Philadelphia, 276; at Baltimore, 277; returns to Mt.

Vernon, 279; describes his farm life, 278, 279; burdened by necessities of hospitality, 280; account of his meeting with Bernard, 281-283; continued interest in politics, 284; accepts command of provisional army, 285; selects Hamilton, Pinckney, and Knox as major-generals, 286; surprised at Adams's objection to Hamilton, 286; rebukes Adams for altering order of rank of generals, 286, 287; not influenced by intrigue, 287; annoyed by Adams's conduct, 288; tries to soothe Knox's irritation, 289; fails to pacify him, 289; carries out organization of army, 290; does not expect actual war, 291; disapproves of Gerry's conduct, 292; disapproves of Adams's nomination of Vans Murray, 292; his dread of French Revolution, 295; distrusts Adams's attempts at peace, 296; approves Alien and Sedition laws, 296; his defense of them, 297; distressed by dissensions among Federalists, 298; predicts their defeat, 298; his sudden illness, 299-302; death, 303.
_Character_, misunderstood, 304; extravagantly praised, 304; disliked on account of being called faultless, 305; bitterly attacked in lifetime, 306; sneered at by Jefferson, 306; by Pickering, 307; called an Englishman, not an American, 307, 308; difference of his type from that of Lincoln, 310; none the less American, 311, 312; compared with Hampden, 312; his manners those of the times elsewhere in America, 314; aristocratic, but of a non-English type, 314-316; less affected by Southern limitations than his neighbors, 316; early dislike of New England changed to respect, 316, 317; friendly with people of humble origin, 317, 318; never an enemy of democracy, 318; but opposes French excesses, 318; his self-directed and American training, 319, 320; early conception of a nation, 321; works toward national government during Revolution, 321; his interest in Western expansion, 321, 322; national character of his Indian policy, 322; of his desire to secure free Mississippi navigation, 322; of his opposition to war as a danger to Union, 323; his anger at accusation of foreign subservience, 323; continually asserts necessity for independent American policy, 324, 325; opposes foreign educational influences, 325, 326; favors foundation of a national university, 326; breadth and strength of his national feeling, 327; absence of boastfulness about country, 328; faith in it, 328; charge that he was merely a figure-head, 329; its injustice, 330; charged with commonplaceness of intellect, 330; incident of the deathbed explained, 330, 331; falsity of the charge, 331; inability of mere moral qualities to achieve what he did, 331; charged with dullness and coldness, 332; his seriousness, 333; responsibility from early youth, 333; his habits of keen observation, 333; power of judging men, 334; ability to use them for what they were worth, 335; anecdote of advice to Hamilton and Meade, 335; deceived only by Arnold, 336; imperfect education, 337; continual efforts to improve it, 337, 338; modest regarding his literary ability, 339, 340; interested in education, 339; character of his writing, 340; tastes in reading, 341; modest but effective in conversation, 342; his manner and interest described by Bernard, 343-347; attractiveness of the picture, 347, 348; his pleasure in society, 348; power of paying compliments, letter to Mrs.Stockton, 349; to Charles Thompson, 350; to De Chastellux, 351; his warmth of heart, 352; extreme exactness in pecuniary matters, 352; illustrative anecdotes, 353,354; favorable opinion of teller of anecdotes, 356; stern towards dishonesty or cowardice, 357; treatment of Andre and Asgill, 357, 358; sensitive to human suffering, 357, 358; kind and courteous to poor, 359; conversation with Cleaveland, 359; sense of dignity in public office, 360; hospitality at Mt.

Vernon, 360, 361; his intimate friendships, 361,362; relations with Hamilton, Knox, Mason, Henry Lee, Craik, 362, 363; the officers of the army, 363; Trumbull, Robert and Gouverneur Morris, 363; regard for and courtesy toward Franklin, 364; love for Lafayette, 365; care for his family, 366; lasting regard for Fairfaxes, 366, 367; kindness to Taft family, 367, 368; destroys correspondence with his wife, 368; their devoted relationship, 368; care for his step-children and relatives, 369, 370; charged with lack of humor, 371; but never made himself ridiculous, 372; not joyous in temperament, 372; but had keen pleasure in sport, 373; enjoyed a joke, even during Revolution, 374; appreciates wit, 375; writes a humorous letter, 376-378; not devoid of worldly wisdom, 378, 379; enjoys cards, dancing, the theatre, 380; loves horses, 380; thorough in small affairs as well as great, 381; controversy over site of church, 381; his careful domestic economy, 382; love of method, 383; of excellence in dress and furniture, 383, 384; gives dignity to American cause, 385; his personal appearance, 385; statements of Houdon, 386; of Ackerson, 386, 387; his tremendous muscular strength, 388; great personal impressiveness, 389, 390; lacking in imagination, 391; strong passions, 391; fierce temper, 392; anecdotes of outbreaks, 392; his absence of self-love, 393; confident in judgment of posterity, 393; religious faith, 394; summary and conclusion, 394, 395.
_Characteristics of_.
General view, ii.