We cannot doubt that the thought had often come into Bismarck's mind; it would be the proper and fitting conclusion to the work of creating a nation.

It was, however, impossible; under no circumstances could it have been done by a Protestant statesman; the impulse must have come from Bavaria, and the opposition of the Bavarian bishops to the Vatican decrees had been easily overcome.

Twice an opportunity had presented itself of making a national German Church: once at the Reformation, once after the Revolution.

On both occasions it was lost and it will never recur.
The result, however, was that a bitter feeling of opposition was created between Church and State.

The secessionist priests were maintained in their positions by the Government, they were excommunicated by the bishops; students were forbidden to attend their lectures and the people to worship in the churches where they ministered.