In this case the State-motive clearly prevails over the motives of an individual.

In America, where the nation can always reduce its magistrates to obedience by changing its constitution, no danger of this kind is to be feared.

Upon this point, therefore, the political and the logical reasons agree, and the people as well as the judges preserve their privileges.
Whenever a law which the judge holds to be unconstitutional is argued in a tribunal of the United States he may refuse to admit it as a rule; this power is the only one which is peculiar to the American magistrate, but it gives rise to immense political influence.

Few laws can escape the searching analysis of the judicial power for any length of time, for there are few which are not prejudicial to some private interest or other, and none which may not be brought before a court of justice by the choice of parties, or by the necessity of the case.

But from the time that a judge has refused to apply any given law in a case, that law loses a portion of its moral cogency.