The way to avoid them, as it seems to me, is, when a child refuses out of obstinacy to do what is required of him, to impose the proper punishment or penalty for the refusal, and let that close the transaction.

Do not attempt to enforce his compliance by continuing the punishment until he yields.

A child, for example, going out to play, wishes for his blue cap.

His mother chooses that he shall wear his gray one.

She hangs the blue cap up in its place, and gives him the gray one.