Foerster, Froriep, and Ried cite instances associated with thoracic malformation.

Greenhow reports a case in which the mammae were absent, although there were depressed rudimentary nipples and areolae.

There were no ovaries and the uterus was congenitally imperfect.
There was a negress spoken of in 1842 in whom the right breast was missing, and there are cases of but one breast, mentioned by King, Paull, and others.

Scanzoni has observed absence of the left mamma with absence of the left ovary.
Micromazia is not so rare, and is generally seen in females with associate genital troubles.

Excessive development of the mammae, generally being a pathologic phenomenon, will be mentioned in another chapter.