"An orator was expected, according to Quintilian (i.10.

35), not only to be able to make his calculations in court, but also to show clearly to his audience how he arrived at his results." From the small inn-keeper to the great capitalist, every man of business needed to be perfectly at home in reckoning sums of money.

The magistrates, especially quaestors and aediles, had staffs of clerks who must have been skilled accountants; the provincial governors and all who were engaged in collecting the tributes of the provinces, as well as in lending the money to enable the tax-payers to pay (see above, 71 foll.), were constantly busy with their ledgers.
The humbler inhabitants of the Empire had long been growing familiar with the Roman aptitude for arithmetic.[284] Grais ingenium, Grais dedit ore rotundo Musa loqui, praeter laudem nullius avaris.
Romani pueri longis rationibus assem discunt in partes centum diducere.

"Dicat films Albini: si de quincunce remota est uncia, quid superat?
poteras dixisse." "triens." "eu! rem poteris servare tuam."[285] This familiar passage may be quoted once more to illustrate the practical nature of the Roman school teaching and the ends which it was to serve.

Utilitarian to the backbone, the ordinary Roman, like the ordinary British, parent, wanted his son to get on in life; it was only the parent of a higher class who sacrificed anything to the Muses, and then chiefly because in a public career it was _de rigueur_ that the boy should not be ignorant or boorish.
When the son of well-to-do parents had mastered the necessary elements, he was advanced to the higher type of school kept by a _grammaticus_, and there made his first real acquaintance with literature; and this was henceforward, until he began to study rhetoric and philosophy, the staple of his work.