Under the protection of equal law, the labors of agriculture and commerce were gradually revived; but the martial spirit of the Lombards was nourished by the presence of danger; and as often as the bell was rung, or the standard [145] erected, the gates of the city poured forth a numerous and intrepid band, whose zeal in their own cause was soon guided by the use and discipline of arms.

At the foot of these popular ramparts, the pride of the Caesars was overthrown; and the invincible genius of liberty prevailed over the two Frederics, the greatest princes of the middle age; the first, superior perhaps in military prowess; the second, who undoubtedly excelled in the softer accomplishments of peace and learning.
[Footnote 142: After boiling away the flesh.

The caldrons for that purpose were a necessary piece of travelling furniture; and a German who was using it for his brother, promised it to a friend, after it should have been employed for himself, (Schmidt, tom.iii.p.423, 424.) The same author observes that the whole Saxon line was extinguished in Italy, (tom.ii.p.

440.)] [Footnote 1421: Compare Sismondi, Histoire des Republiques Italiannes.
Hallam Middle Ages.

Raumer, Geschichte der Hohenstauffen.