63) the leaden pipes, which Justinian, or his servants, stole from the aqueducts.] [Footnote 8611: Hullman (Geschichte des Byzantinischen Handels.

p.
15) shows that the despotism of the government was aggravated by the unchecked rapenity of the officers.

This state monopoly, even of corn, wine, and oil, was to force at the time of the first crusade .-- M.] [Footnote 87: For an aureus, one sixth of an ounce of gold, instead of 210, he gave no more than 180 folles, or ounces of copper.

A disproportion of the mint, below the market price, must have soon produced a scarcity of small money.

In England twelve pence in copper would sell for no more than seven pence, (Smith's Inquiry into the Wealth of Nations, vol.i.p.