He invented pumping engines, steam engines, fire engines, and caloric engines.

His first patent for a "reciprocating propeller" was taken out in October 1834.

To exhibit its action, he had a small boat constructed of only about two feet long.

It was propelled by means of a screw; and was shown at work in a circular bath in London.

It performed its voyage round the basin at the rate of about three miles an hour.