_The burden of proof lies on the affirmative_.

In civil cases the party affirming is usually the plaintiff.

In criminal cases it is the state.
Harmonizing with this principle is the constitutional provision that in criminal cases the accused shall not be required to give evidence against himself.
These are the principal rules of evidence, but they have many applications.

Learned volumes have been written elaborating them.
Grand Jury .-- A grand jury may be defined as a body of men returned at stated periods from the citizens of the county, before a court of competent jurisdiction, chosen by lot, and sworn to inquire of public offenses committed or triable in the county.
The number of grand jurors was formerly twenty-three.

By statute many of the states have fixed upon a smaller number, Oregon having only seven.