In each case, the purchasing public reaps the advantage of cheap labour in low prices, while the workers suffer in low wages.

The contention that English goods made at home must be exported to pay for the cheap German goods, furnishes no answer from the point of view of the low-skilled worker, unless these exports embody the kind of labour of which he is capable.
[Greek: d].

The constant introduction of new machinery, as a substitute for skilled hand-labour, by robbing of its value the skill of certain classes of workers, adds these to the supply of low-skilled labour.
[Greek: e].

The growth of machinery and of education, by placing women and young persons more upon an equality with male adult labour, swells the supply of low-skilled labour in certain branches of work.

Women and young persons either take the places once occupied by men, or undertake new work (e.g.in post-office or telegraph-office), which would once have been open only to the competition of men.