The client-states throughout and with great decision took part against Caesar and in favour of Pompeius.

The most important princes and cities had been brought into the closest personal relations with Pompeius in virtue of the different sections of his manifold activity.

In the war against the Marians, for instance, he had been the companion in arms of the kings of Numidia and Mauretania and had reestablished the kingdom of the former;( 5) in the Mithradatic war, in addition to a number of other minor principalities spiritual and temporal, he had re-established the kingdoms of Bosporus, Armenia, and Cappadocia, and created that of Deiotarus in Galatia;( 6) it was primarily at his instigation that the Egyptian war was undertaken, and it was by his adjutant that the rule of the Lagids had been confirmed afresh.( 7) Even the city of Massilia in Caesar's own province, while indebted to the latter doubtless for various favours, was indebted to Pompeius at the time of the Sertorian war for a very considerable extension of territory;( 8) and, besides, the ruling oligarchy there stood in natural alliance--strengthened by various mutual relations-- with the oligarchy in Rome.

But these personal and relative considerations as well as the glory of the victor in three continents, which in these more remote parts of the empire far outshone that of the conqueror of Gaul, did perhaps less harm to Caesar in those quarters than the views and designs--which had not remained there unknown--of the heir of Gaius Gracchus as to the necessity of uniting the dependent states and the usefulness of provincial colonizations.

No one of the dependent dynasts found himself more imminently threatened by this peril than Juba king of Numidia.