Thus, the mixed mode which the word LIE stands for is made of these simple ideas:--( 1) Articulate sounds.

(2) Certain ideas in the mind of the speaker.

(3) Those words the signs of those ideas.

(4) Those signs put together, by affirmation or negation, otherwise than the ideas they stand for are in the mind of the speaker.

I think I need not go any further in the analysis of that complex idea we call a lie: what I have said is enough to show that it is made up of simple ideas.