35; and for the general subject, and the condition of the hospitals at this period, see Dagron, as above.
A similar evolution of better science and practice took place in England.

In spite of the coldness, and even hostility, of the greater men in the Established Church, and notwithstanding the scriptural demonstrations of Wesley that the majority of the insane were possessed of devils, the scientific method steadily gathered strength.

In 1750 the condition of the insane began to attract especial attention; it was found that mad-houses were swayed by ideas utterly indefensible, and that the practices engendered by these ideas were monstrous.

As a rule, the patients were immured in cells, and in many cases were chained to the walls; in others, flogging and starvation played leading parts, and in some cases the patients were killed.

Naturally enough, John Howard declared, in 1789, that he found in Constantinople a better insane asylum than the great St.Luke's Hospital in London.