221, but especially Von Raumer, Geschichte der Hohenstaufen, Leipsic, 1872, vol.iii, p.

259.
From the Church itself, even when the theological atmosphere was most dense, rose here and there men who persisted in something like scientific effort.

As early as the ninth century, Bertharius, a monk of Monte Cassino, prepared two manuscript volumes of prescriptions selected from ancient writers; other monks studied them somewhat, and, during succeeding ages, scholars like Hugo, Abbot of St.Denis,--Notker, monk of St.Gall,--Hildegard, Abbess of Rupertsberg,--Milo, Archbishop of Beneventum,--and John of St.Amand, Canon of Tournay, did something for medicine as they understood it.

Unfortunately, they generally understood its theory as a mixture of deductions from Scripture with dogmas from Galen, and its practice as a mixture of incantations with fetiches.
Even Pope Honorius III did something for the establishment of medical schools; but he did so much more to place ecclesiastical and theological fetters upon teachers and taught, that the value of his gifts may well be doubted.

All germs of a higher evolution of medicine were for ages well kept under by the theological spirit.