As Emperor of the West he bore the title Caesar Augustus.

He established churches and monasteries, and encouraged arts and learning.

He figures largely in mediaeval minstrelsy, where the achievements of his knights, or paladins, rival those of Arthur's court.] [Robert Bruce: the grandson of Robert Bruce, the competitor with John Baliol for the Scottish throne.

He defeated the English forces at Bannockburn in 1314, and thus secured the independence of Scotland, an independence which lasted until the two kingdoms were united under one crown in 1707.] [William Wallace: another brave Scottish leader in the war for independence against Edward I of England.

Wallace was betrayed in 1305 and carried to London, where he was cruelly executed as a traitor.] [Barbour: an eminent Scottish poet contemporary with Chaucer.