By games and lotteries.
This second species was encouraged by the laws of Lycurgus, in order to sharpen the wits of the young.

It is the kind practised by Ulysses, Solon, and Sinon; by the ancient and modern Jews, from Jacob down to Deutz; and by the Bohemians, the Arabs, and all savage tribes.

Under Louis XIII.

and Louis XIV., it was not considered dishonorable to cheat at play.

To do so was a part of the game; and many worthy people did not scruple to correct the caprice of Fortune by dexterous jugglery.
To-day even, and in all countries, it is thought a mark of merit among peasants, merchants, and shopkeepers to KNOW HOW TO MAKE A BARGAIN,--that is, to deceive one's man.