Civilisation and commerce departed, and in their stead were the citadel and the Jesuits.

By express command of Philip, that order, banished so recently, was reinstated in Antwerp, as well as throughout the obedient provinces; and all the schools and colleges were placed under its especial care.

No children could be thenceforth instructed except by the lips of those fathers.

Here was a curb more efficacious even than the citadel.

That fortress was at first garrisoned with Walloons and Germans.