The fleet would be ready in Spain in all November, but as sea-affairs were so doubtful, particularly in winter, and as the Armada could not reach the channel till mid-winter; the Duke was not to wait for its arrival.

"Whenever you see a favourable opportunity," said Philip, "you must take care not to lose it, even if the fleet has not made its appearance.

For you may be sure that it will soon come to give you assistance, in one way or another." Farnese had also been strictly enjoined to deal gently with the English, after the conquest, so that they would have cause to love their new master.

His troops were not to forget discipline after victory.

There was to be no pillage or rapine.