Clement and Francis, the Dukes and Landgraves of, Clever, Hesse, Saxony, and Brunswick, he had bound to his chariot wheels; forcing many to eat the bread of humiliation and captivity, during long and weary years.

But the concluding portion of his reign had reversed all its previous glories.

His whole career had been a failure.

He had been defeated, after all, in most of his projects.

He had humbled Francis, but Henry had most signally avenged his father.