There were quite a number of remnants of tribes in the vicinity of Portland in Oregon, and of Fort Vancouver in Washington Territory.
They had generally acquired some of the vices of civilization, but none of the virtues, except in individual cases.

The Hudson's Bay Company had held the North-west with their trading posts for many years before the United States was represented on the Pacific coast.

They still retained posts along the Columbia River and one at Fort Vancouver, when I was there.

Their treatment of the Indians had brought out the better qualities of the savages.

Farming had been undertaken by the company to supply the Indians with bread and vegetables; they raised some cattle and horses; and they had now taught the Indians to do the labor of the farm and herd.