In 1852 came Letur with his system of guidable parachutes, whose trial cost him his life; and in the same year came Michel Loup with his plan of gliding through the air on four revolving wings.

In 1853 came Beleguic and his aeroplane with the traction screws, Vaussin-Chardannes with his guidable kite, and George Cauley with his flying machines driven by gas.

From 1854 to 1863 appeared Joseph Pline with several patents for aerial systems.

Breant, Carlingford, Le Bris, Du Temple, Bright, whose ascensional screws were left-handed; Smythies, Panafieu, Crosnier, &c.

At length, in 1863, thanks to the efforts of Nadar, a society of "heavier than air" was founded in Paris.
There the inventors could experiment with the machines, of which many were patented.